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考研英语翻译冲刺掌阶段的转换技巧

2022-03-14 12:25:02 考研资讯

  考研英语翻译冲刺掌阶段的转换技巧

  在考研英语翻译中,英译汉时常常有必要改变表达方式,使译文通顺流畅、地道可读,这种变通技巧就是转换法。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语翻译冲刺掌阶段的转换秘诀,欢迎大家前来阅读。

  考研英语翻译冲刺掌握五种转换技巧

  一、词类转换

  词类转换是指英语中的某一词类译成汉语时转换成另一词类。

  一英语名词、介词、形容词或副词转换为汉语动词

  1 The cultivation of a hobby and new forms of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man.因此,对于一个从事社会活动的人来讲,培养一种爱好和新的情趣方式,乃是至关重要的对策。

  2 The Red Army Men marched on bravely against the piercing wind.红军冒着刺骨的寒风英勇前进。

  3 All were unconscious that this experience was a test of character; and, when the first excitement was over, felt that they had done well, and deserved praise.大家都没有认识到这番经验却是一次个性的考验,最初的兴奋过去以后,又觉得自己已经干得不错了,理应受到赞扬。

  4 He appeared at her side, breathing audibly, a moment after she reached the stop. She gazed ahead, rigid.她到车站不一会儿,他便出现在她的身旁,听见他喘息的声音。她凝视着前方,表情严峻。

  5 Yet to both classes the need of an alternative outlook, of a change of atmosphere, of a diversion of effort, is essential.然而,对所有这两种类型的人来说,变换一下看法、改变一下环境和转换一下注意力都是最基本的需要。

  6 …and it was on the first stage of this journey, in Kenya, that she received the news of her father's death and her own accession to the throne. ……就在此行的第一站肯尼亚,她接到了父亲去世并由她本人继承王位的消息。

  二英语动词、副词转换为汉语名词、形容词

  1 The inflammation is characterized by red, swelling, fever, and pain.炎症的特点是红、肿、热、痛。

  2 The visiting guests were escorted to the Yellow Crane Tower last Sunday.上星期天,来访的客人和陪同人员一起参观了黄鹤楼。

  3 Our government shows great concern for the Chinese residents abroad.我国政府十分关心海外华侨。

  4 Formality has always characterized their relationship.他们之间的关系,有一个特点,就是以礼相待。

  5 Most US spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth's atmosphere after completing their missions.美国绝大多数间谍卫星,按其设计,是在完成使命后,在大气层中焚毁。

  三英语名词转换为汉语形容词、副词

  1 He added: "I understand and respect those views, but I deeply believe in the correctness of my decision." 他还说:"我理解并尊重他们的看法,但我深信我的决定是正确的。"

  2 They came back game and glee.他们兴高采烈地回来了。

  二、句子成分转换

  句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。句子成分转换在主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间展开。例如:

  1 You can always tell the somebodies from the nobodies at a cocktail party. The somebodies come late.在鸡尾酒会上人们常常可以看出大人物和无名小卒来。那些迟到的就是大人物。主语转换为表语;谓语转换为主语

  2 With the fear of largely imaginary plots against his leadership, his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him.由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导,他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。主语转换为宾语,宾语转换为主语

  3 Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他们乐观、能干、热情,总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒适。状语转换为谓语

  4 Her presence of mind had not completely deserted her; but she could not have trusted herself to speak.她还没有完全失去镇静,一时却又找不出话可说。主语转换为宾语,宾语转换为主语

  5 This is the unexpected kind of remark that makes me like the colonel; there is a touch of rough poetry about him.正是这种出人意料的言论使我喜欢上了上校。他这个人还有那么点诗意呢。主语转换为宾语;介词宾语转换为主语

  三、表达方式转换

  英汉两种语言在表达方式上往往因角度不同而异。要克服这些差异,翻译时也就常有必要把一种表达方式转换为另一种表达方式,使译文符合汉语表达习惯。

  一英语中有一些计量词,如score, dozen, decade, quarter等,在汉语中没有相应的表达方式,所以在汉译时得对其加以转换。例如:

  1 Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, signed the Emancipation Proclamation.

  100年以前,一位伟大的美国人签署了解放宣言,我们现在就站在他象征性的庇荫中。

  2 A dozen and a half aeroplanes poured out into the airport during that five minutes.

  那5分钟内,有18架飞机涌进了机场。

  3 Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.

  87年前,我们的先辈在这个大陆上创建了一个新的国家。

  4 They had a dozen children, six boys and six girls, in seventeen years.

  在17年中,他们生了12个孩子,6男6女。

  二由于英汉两种语言在表述角度上不尽相同,翻译时常常有必要转换角度,才能使意思明白清楚、表达自然。例如:

  1 She has been a widow only for six months.

  她丈夫死了至今才不过半年。

  原文是从妻子的角度加以陈述的,而译文是从丈夫的角度加以陈述的。如果不改变表达方式,而搬用原来的表达方式,那译文就是:"她只当了6个月的寡妇。"这就会给人以错觉:她很快就改嫁了。

  2──Is there a special rate by the month?

  ──Yes, there is a 10% discount.

  ──按月计算有什么优惠吗?

  ──有,可以打9折。

  四、自然语序与倒装语序转换

  句子的自然语序是主语在前,谓语在后。倒装语序主要是指主谓倒装。英语中使用倒装语序,主要是为了加强语气、突出重点、平衡句子结构等;而汉语中使用倒装语序相对较少,所以英译汉时,常常得将倒装语序转换为自然语序。例如:

  1 Away ran the boy.男孩跑开了。

  2 Slowly climbs the summer moon.夏天的月亮慢慢地爬上来了。

  五、正面表达与反面表达转换

  由于思维方式的不同,英语中有些从正面表达的东西在汉语中习惯从反面来表达;而有些从反面来表达的东西在汉语中则习惯从正面来表达。因此,英译汉时常常有必要进行转换。这就是通常所说的"正说反译、反说正译"法。英语正面表达这里指的是不带否定词no, not , never否定前缀non-, in-, im-, ir-, dis-和否定后缀-less等的句子,汉语正面表达则是指不带"不"、"没"、"非"、"未"、 "否"、 "无"、 "莫"、"勿"、"别"等否定词语的句子;反之则是反面表达。

  一英语正面表达转换为汉语反面表达

  frost-free refrigerator无霜冰箱

  Freeze!别动!

  Wet paint!油漆未干!

  mortally ill 不治之症

  1 The proposal was carried by a very narrow margin.这项建议差点通不过。

  2We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。

  3 He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San Francisco.Silence. Silence. Silence.他到一个户外公用电话亭,先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。

  4 As a place to live, it left much to be desired. As a secret training base for a revolutionary new plane, it was an excellent site, its remoteness effectively masking its activity.作为居住的地方,这里有许多不足之处,但作为改革性的新飞机秘密训练基地,却是非常理想的。因为它地处边陲,人们不易发觉其中的活动。

  5 The pictures that linger in his mind, called up in a moment by such sensations as the smell of roses or of new-mown hay, are of a simpler nature.然而,萦绕心头的画面,那些一经嗅到玫瑰花香或新鲜干草的气息便会倏地闯入记忆的情景,其实并不复杂。

  6 As he sipped his coffee, he opened a still damp morning paper; and began reading.他一面喝咖啡,一面翻开油墨未干的晨报,看了起来。

  7 Father's attitude toward anybody who wasn't his kind used to puzzle me.以前我总不懂父亲为什么对那些脾气跟他不一样的人采取那么个态度。

  8 Sadly, Edward died before he could see the new church, but his beautiful tomb is still there, with the tombs of the Kings and Queens of England who came after him.遗憾的是,爱德华未能看见新教堂就去世了,但是他那幽雅的坟墓和嗣后的英国国王和王后的坟墓还都留在那里。

  二英语反面表达转换为汉语正面表达

  1 You can't be too careful.你要特别小心。

  2 The significance of these incidents wasn't lost on us.这些事件引起了我们的重视。

  3 Such flights couldn't long escape notice.这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。

  4 The human system can hold out for a while against the gas from a leaking,damped-down coal stove, but soon after unconsciousness comes death.煤气若是从封上火的煤炉漏出,人体可以忍受一些时候,但人昏迷之后,不用很久就会死亡。

  5 But there is another story, a family saga, that may turn out to be important to unlocking the mystery of what actually happened between Lewinsky and the President.但是,莱温斯基和总统之间究竟发生了什么事,另外一个故事,即家史,最终对解开这个谜十分重要。

  6 Maintaining credibility requires confronting potential adversaries with the objective,unambiguous facts of our counter-balancing military capabilities, our political strengths and economic advantages, and our clear resolution to use these for our defense if necessary.保持这种可靠性需要以下客观的、明确的事实来对付潜在的对手:我们达到平衡的军事能力、我们的政治实力和经济优势以及我们必要时使用这些手段进行自卫的毫不含糊的决心。

  考研英语作文:必备19个经典话题素材

  ▲正直诚实

  好处:

  1、enable honest person to succeed in work and life. 获得成功

  2、to work honestly to attain one’s life goal. 实现人生目标

  3、to enhance reputation of a country.

  ▲坚持:成功

  1、No accomplishment can be achieved in a short time, and success needs efforts.

  2、Success is founded on the basis of patient pursuit +定语从句

  Olympic game

  好处:

  1、it can be a tremendous momentum pushing the country’s development

  2、When equipped with willingness, spurring people to overcome any difficulty and conquer any challenge.

  ▲献爱心

  好处、意义:

  1、Contributing money and other necessities to people in need is a goal way to express human love. It reflects the sense of social responsibility.

  2、It also expresses a feeling from deep with one’s heart.

  ▲人生价值

  该类别主要包括:创新、 勇气、 奋斗、 勤俭 、高瞻远瞩、 奉献、 浪费、 社会公德 、幸福观 、勇敢 、得与失、 正直诚实、 持之以恒 、拼搏的`奥运精神 、读书。

  1、To be fair and upright; honest person;

  2、economical and simple life; to learn to be frugal;

  3、success derives from persistence; Olympic motto, read more books

  ▲情感友谊、团队合作、让座 邻里、献爱心

  1、show love; provide assistance to others; teamwork and cooperation; selflessly offering help

  2、contributing money and other necessities to people who are in great need

  Eager to donate money to charity

  ▲交流文化

  该类别主要包括:中西方文化、 民族文化、 老外过春节 、老外学书法、 学英语、 城市发展与历史传承。

  1、a balanced economic development is not necessarily accompanied by the sacrifice of history.

  2、participating in the annual celebration of the Chinese spring festival

  3、practicing Chinese calligraphy 书法

  4、cultural exchanges; acquire better understanding of each other;the traditional Chinese culture.

  5、pass down culture habit and treasure; absorb and assimilate traditional culture; reserve and spread brilliant diverse culture; be under the threat of extinction; be in great danger

  好处:

  1、cultural exchanges can enhance international friendship.

  2、people can acquire better understanding of each other.

  3、can also greatly benefit the countries and stimulate their own social development and culture prosperity.

  ▲教育

  1、in my opinions, there needs to be a comprehensive renovation in the educational system in which new educational concepts are introduced.

  2、only by new teaching methods can we cultivate children into talents and elites who will meet the requirements of our society.

  ▲繁荣、人口问题、解决问题

  1、thrive/boom/flourish/blossom

  2、the awareness of struggling for one’s life is essential to the young man

  3、parents indulge children in consumption with an objective outlook on money

  ▲身体健康、锻炼、心理问题、减肥

  1、 to develop good health

  2、 to keep regular exercise

  3、 to make more contributions to the society

  4、 to make do with bad diet

  5、 to neglect sports and exercise

  ▲职业道德及素质类

  该类别主要包括:虚假宣传、假冒伪劣产品、排队、鼓掌、文明言行、文明交通、谦虚、宽容、医患矛盾、药品回扣诚信、豆腐渣、家庭作坊卫生、跳槽与商业机密。

  1、the sanitation problem of family workshops

  2、the promise of one’s own responsibility is like a method of cheating, and is quit against professional morals职业道德

  3、low-quality products

  4、the ignorance of sanitation

  5、short of occupational disciplines

  6、the false commercial advertising and promotion

  ▲家庭关系

  该类别主要包括:家庭关系、 养老、 啃老。

  Young people are used to relying financially on their families

  ▲交通事故

  Traffic accidents have long been a problem and are becoming a severe problem

  原因:

  1、many drivers are forced to drive days and nights

  2、a lot of people drive after drinking alcohol

  ▲城市发展与历史传承

  1、a balanced economic development is not accompanied by sacrifice of history.

  2、historical sites are the treasure of our country’s glorious past. We must figure out a win-win method to promote sustainable development while retaining our cultural heritage.

  ▲工作就业前途

  该类别主要包括:高薪、 加班、技能、学历、自立自强、创业。

  1、to display talent and capability;

  2、to be of real service to fellowmen and the country;

  3、to feel guilty in front of parents and family supporters;

  4、to encounter discrimination on the basis of sex or height or even birthplace;

  5、to despise jobs of lower social status and less income;

  6、to avoid the possibility of working in the rural areas

  7、to find search\hunt the right career;

  ▲环境保护、动植物保护

  该类别主要包括:保护森林、水污染、汽车尾气、沙尘暴、温室效应、节约资源、垃圾污染。

  1、the exhaustion of resources;

  2、pollution from industrial production transform many clean rivers into undrinkable water.

  3、the convenience brought by cars, their harmful impact on the atmosphere.

  4、garbage output, such as plastics and glass.

  5、deforestation Global warming, current greenhouse effect remains out of control

  6、human exploitation of natural resources

  ▲“问题”学生

  该类别主要包括:教育、上网成瘾、上网交友、青少年犯罪、 个人隐私、出国留学、 知识学术欺诈、 望子成龙, 拔苗助长、 应试教育素质教育 、考试作弊 、相互攀比、 名牌、 浪费、 课业负担、 恋爱 、兼职 、占座、 8090后 、富二代、 校园旅游 、教育平等 、独生子女、 农民工子女、 创新 、迷信、 溺爱spoiled。

  1、To concentrate limited resources on creative talents, or elite;

  2、Enable students to possess better job skill;

  3、prepare students for future employment;

  4、to enhance the quality of population;

  5、to promote scientific and technological level;

  6、 to prepare one for a better and more meaningful life rather than a job;

  7、one-child policy

  8、migrant workers农民工;

  9、impartial education opportunities

  10、overwhelming homework;

  11、quality education素质教育

  12、a comprehensive renovation

  ▲人口增长、 人口质量、养老与老龄化、 性别比例

  1、population aging; outdated and abandoned; to improve the living condition of the aging population ; to respect and appreciate the aged; to provide safety and happiness

  2、the number of males outweighs that of females;the population growth is almost out of control, the humans to live is increasingly circumscribed.

  ▲社会热点

  该类别主要包括: 创建和谐社会、 学术造假 、可持续发展、 抗争救灾众志成城、 交通旅游 、国际化、 堵车 、宠物、 农业 、酒后/疲劳驾车 、黄金周旅游。

  1、traffic jams堵车;the successful launch of the shenzhou-6 spaceship, our national strength and scientific competency.

  2、traffic accidents; drive days and night with little rest; drive after drinking alcohol

  3、to keep domestic animals; to make family life more colorful and rich; to develop sense of responsibility and caring;

  4、to make people feel closer to the natural world; to spread disease and pollute living environment; to waste time and money; to scare and hurt people, kid and the aged alike

  ▲法律等

  该类别主要包括:合法致富、 经济发展、 科技发展、 网络、 电子交通、 传媒、 动车。

  1、get rich by legal means; be entitled to wealth and prosperity; stimulate people into hard working; reduce the gap;

  2、help the poor with better opportunities; make big money illegally; make this society insecure

  网络好处:1、share individual viewpoints and insights; enable better and more efficient interpersonal communication;

  2、enjoy equal right t personal opinion; 网络坏处:1、reveal and spread rumors; occupy and waste net space; follow trend and fashion; help distinguish between right and wrong;

  2、offer proper guidance; check and restrict unhealthy content; create a clean and safe environment; mislead children by indecent content.

  考研英语词汇考查的四个要点

  《全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲》明确规定:除掌握词汇的基本含义外,考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系,如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系,如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识,如词源、词根、词缀等。

  那么,考试大纲的这些要求究竟指的是什么呢?考研英语对于词汇的要求有四个维度:

  1.基本含义,即单词的基本词典释义;

  2.词义关系,指的是单词的同义词、近义词以及反义词等,这里就要求我们考生在平时的复习中要注意同类单词的归纳总结,因为在英语知识应用以及阅读理解中,会经常考查词义辨析;

  3.搭配关系,指的是动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等的搭配规则,这一点的会在英语知识应用、阅读理解、翻译以及作文中考查,所以同学们一定要注重对于固定搭配的积累;

  4.词汇生成的基本知识,这是这四项中最"高端的"一点。

  可能这一点对很很多同学来说有点陌生,我们在这里就详细的解释一下:虽然英语属于印欧语系汉语属于汉藏语系,但是这两种古老的语言还是有很多相同之处:构词法。

  中文当中有偏旁部首;类似,英语有词根词缀。一个单词是由前缀,词根以及后缀这三要素构成的。并且26个英语字母以及很多英语单词都是有一定的来源的。

  英语这种语言也并不是生来就有的,它也是逐步演变发展过来的。英语的起源可以追溯至公元前3000年左右古埃及人使用象形文字,后来腓尼基人以埃及象形文字为基础,创造了腓尼基语的字母表。

  公元前1000年左右,古希腊人又以腓尼基语的字母表创造了从左至右书写的24个字母的字母表。Alphabet的词源即为希腊语的alphaabetaB。罗马字字母表后来给现在的英语字母添加了读音。所以我们现在见到的很多英语单词、词根词缀都是由希腊语、拉丁语演变过来的。

  考试大纲中的这第四个维度对我们考生提出了更高的要求。它要求我们考生不仅要了解单词的释义、用法,还要了解单词的来源和词根词缀,不仅要知其然,还要知其所以然。

  针对考试大纲中的这点要求,我们可以利用词根词缀法来记忆单词,比如,词根sent的意思是:感觉,由该词根构成的一些词,如assent:同意[v/n]。[as-前缀:加强,一再];dissent:不同意[dis-前缀:否定];resent:反感,厌恶[re-前缀:反]。

  只要同学们掌握了常用的116个前缀后缀以及一定量的词根,那么就能把繁琐的词汇学习简单化,提高词汇学习的效率,在短期内快速的记住大量的单词。所以词根词缀记忆法决定是我们考研英语单词复习的不二选择。

  所以我们在复习的时候,一定要从单词的基本词义,它的同义、近义词和反义词,以及它的固定搭配和词根词缀这些方面入手。

  考研英语大纲的词汇表自2005年起取消了单词的中文释义,大大加大了对单词的考查力度和难度。比如absorb这个单词,2004年的包含中文释义的考研英语大纲是这么规定的:absorbv。吸收;吸收,使专心;beabsorbedin专心于。

  那么2004年之前包括2004年的考研英语试卷中对于absorb这个单词的考查也只局限在它的这几个意思和用法中,而2005年的考研英语大纲取消了所有单词的中文释义,也就是说,自2005年起,考研英语大纲中只列出了光秃秃的5500个单词,并未对其进行任何的中文解释说明和备注。

  这意味着这5500个单词的2005年考纲中单词的这种变化对于这个考研英语来说意义深远。实际上,每个单词的意义和用法都是多样的,它包含的都不仅仅是我们经常见到的那一两层意思和用法,考试大纲中的这种调整就意味着大纲中所列的5500个单词的任何一层释义和任何一种用法都可能被考到了。

  拿absorb这个单词来说,它的意思有:"吸收;吸引;理解;专心于;承担,承受"。我们平时熟知的absorb是"吸收;吸引;理解;专心于",此外还应该掌握它的"承担,承受"的意思,因为真题中便是这样考查的:

  ①Peopleareabsorbedinto"acultureofconsumption"launchedbythe19th-centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered"vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere。2006年TEXT1

  人们沉迷于由19世纪百货商店所创造的"消费文化"中,这类商店"在一种优雅的环境中供应琳琅满目的商品"。

  此处考察的是短语beabsorbedinto:吸引,使全神贯注

  ②Duringthesameperiod,familieshavebeenaskedtoabsorbmuchmoreriskintheirretirementincome。2007年TEXT3与此同时,家庭成员的退休收入也要承担更多风险。

  此处考察的absorb的意思是:v。承担,承受

  ③Sharpeningjudgmentbyabsorbingandreflectingonlawisadesirablecomponentofajournalist'sintellectualpreparationforhisorhercareer。2007年PartCTranslation

  通过学习与思考法律来提高判断力是记者为其职业生涯进行知识储备时应有的组成部分。

  此处考察的absorb的意思是:v。理解,学习

  通过上述例子,我们发现2005年之后的考试英语更侧重对词义深度的考查,尤其是那些我们平时所不熟知的词义,我们把这些意思称之为是"僻义"。所以我们在平时的复习中一定要加强对考研英语单词"僻义"的重视程度。

  综上所述,同学们在平时的单词复习中要以词根词缀法为总纲,复习时注重对单词的基本词义、近义词及反义词、以及固定搭配等。同时一定要注意对单词的"僻义"的重视!

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