雅思写作议论文的结构问题解析
从应考方面而言，在接触一个雅思写作议论文题目时，我们必须要掌握的是文章的结构。严谨的结构对观点的表达有事半功倍的作用。近几年的雅思议论文考题，可以归纳为两大类：讨论类和分析解决型。
I 分析解决型
此类问题模式通常会给出一个话题，如juvenile delinquency，要求考生分析产生此问题的原因，并给出一些缓解的方法。我们首先也来熟悉下此类问题模式
1. Crime is increasing in many countries. Discuss some of the reasons for this increase and suggest some ways in which government can combat the problems.
2. Nowadays, people are facing more and more work-related stress. State the possible reasons for this phenomenon and make some recommendations about how to solve it.
3. What are some of the problems associated with the drug abuse? Give some suggestions about how to alleviate it?
4. Overpopulation of the elderly is increasingly severe in almost every country. Analyse some reasons and state the effects on the society.
上面两题中共同出现的两个信号词分别是reasons，suggestions，problems和effects。所以有这四个词我们可以确定它为分析解决型，和讨论类题目有着本质的区别。它们所对应的文章结构见下图。
Introduction
Background + layout
Body
1.Reasons / Problems
Topic Sentence + Reason One / Problem One + supporting sentences
+ Reason Two / Problem Two + supporting sentences
2. Suggestions / Effects
Topic sentence + Suggestion One / Effect One + ss
+ Suggestion Two / Effect Two + ss
Conclusion:
Restatement of the Body
上述结构是分析解决型的一种非常常见的对应结构，我们应该问什么答什么。有时题目会出现只问problems或reasons，结构也要相应的发生变化，即只回答几个问题或原因。
II讨论类
1. Definition:
何为讨论类文章，即对一个给定的观点以及与其相对立的观点进行讨论，或就一个话题的两个对立的方面：积极和消极方面进行探讨，发表自己的观点。顾名思义，讨论类文章分为观点类讨论和优缺点讨论。这两种议论类型所对应的问题模式常见的有：Do you agree or disagree, What is your opinion? To what extent do you agree or disagree?等。请看下面的列表来熟悉此类问题模式。
1. Nowadays, some universities offer students skills that assist them to find employment, but some people believe that the main function of a university should be to provide students with access to knowledge for its sake. What is your opinion?
2. Some people think that using animals for experimentation purpose is necessary for the development of science. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
3. The main purpose of public libraries is to provide books and they should not waste their limited resources and space on providing expensive hi-tech media such as computer software, videos and DVDs. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
4. Tourism is becoming a good source of revenue for many countries. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages of exploring this resource.
5. In many countries, the number of elderly people is increasing fast. Does this trend have more positive or negative effects on the society?
以上五题中有对一个观点发表自己观点的，也有给出两个观点再发表自己观点的，也有对一个话题的两个方面进行论述的，这些都属于讨论类，其中1、2、3题属于观点类讨论，而4、5题为优缺点讨论。
2. 结构分析
1单边论证
熟悉了问题模式后，我们来分析一下其所对应的文章结构。以上五种问题模式，考生在未接触雅思前较熟悉的是Do you agree or disagree?和 What is your opinion?而通常这两类问题所对应的文章可以用以下的五段论结构来完成：引言段introduction提出观点，正文body三段通过三个理由来对观点进行论证，结尾段conclusion重申一下自己的.观点。因为此种结构只对自己支持的观点进行论证，因此叫单边论证，可以用下图来表示：
Introduction
Background+My Opinion
Body:
1.Reason One + Supportiong Sentencesss表示
2.Reason Two + SS
3.Reason Three + SS
Conclusion:
Restatement of My Opinion
上述结构中的supporting sentences在议论文中的体现方式是一些论证方法，如举例子exemplification，对比对照contrast& comparison，列数据raising figures，让步making concession等来对自己支持的观点进行论证，使考官信服。而此类结构也是中国学生较熟悉的议论文结构，在各类中国的考试中，如高考英语、大学四六级考试等，应用也较广。但是单边论证的缺点，就中国学生而言，是较难扩展论证过程，而且像讲道理、举例子等论证方法必须正确使用，显示其逻辑性才能得到高分。
2双边论证
然而通过专家总结发现，近年来，剑5和剑6后面考官提供的高分甚至满分范文都采用了另一种论证方法，称为双边论证。双边论证基本为四段论，它与单边的最大区别在正文，正文两段分别对题干提出的两个观点或优缺点进行论证。我们也通过下图来认识此种结构：
Introduction
Background+ My Opinion / Layout
雅思写作议论文的结构问题解析
Body:
1. Opinion One/ Advantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
2. Opinion Two/ Disadvantage
Topic sentence+ Reason One + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Two + Supporting Sentences
+ Reason Three + Supporting Sentences
Conclusion:
Statement of My Opinion for opinion two/ more disadvantages than advantages
此类结构是双边倾向性结构，是双边结构中的一种。对大多数中国学生来说，双边结构较单边结构最大的优点是论证过程比较容易扩展。双边论证指正文两段分别论述下两个观点或优缺点。可以做一个有趣的比喻，双边论证的结构就像是在打一场官司，引言段引出话题，可以看作是书记员来宣布审理的案件，正文两段分别是两个观点，可以理解为被告和原告的辩护律师来列举对自己有利的证据，结尾段得出观点，即法官在总结了被告原告律师的发言后，得出自己的答案，同意哪一方，是否定罪。
通过上面对单边、双边结构的介绍，考生可得出结论，上面列举的5个问题，1、2、3、5题可用单边论证，而这5题都可以用双边论证来写，第4题只能用双边论证，题干已经明确要求讨论两个方面。
得出雅思写作议论文结构是解题的基础和关键，但事实上，在考试过程中，因为时间很紧，花在得出结构的时间就应该相应的缩短，小编建议是考生在拿到一个题目审题后，应该在二十秒左右的时间内就反应出文章的结构。考生可通过上述结构自己再考前准备模板，这对提高解题速度有很大的帮助。